JAD ABUMRAD: Hey, this is Jad. Before we get started on the podcast, just two things. First, the Mailchimp challenge we did a little while back. We did it. You guys did it. The deal was if a certain number of you became sustaining members, Mailchimp would pitch in with some money. It happened, and we're super grateful. So, thank you. We freaking did it.

JAD: Okay. Number two, I want to let you know that toward the end of this podcast, it's about to happen.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Hey, Jad.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Hi, Jad.

JAD: Wait, wait. I haven't even said it yet. Wait, wait, wait. Hold on.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: I know, but we're excited.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah, we're happy to be here.

JAD: Okay. But you guys will have to hang out until the end. Is that cool?

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Why do we have to be at the end?

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah.

JAD: That was-

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Can we just be up top?

JAD: But that was the deal. We talked about-

PHOEBE ROBINSON: This is my Rosa Parks moment. I'm at the front of this episode.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Yeah. You know why we can say that? It's because we are black.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah.

JAD: You're putting me in a box here. Okay. So, what I was going to say is at the end of this podcast, we're going to come back, and I'm going to introduce you guys. Listening to two very funny people who you just heard, Phoebe Robinson, Jessica Williams. They're starting a podcast here at WNYC Studios. It's called Two Dope Queens. It's awesome. We'll talk about it. All right, so you guys will hang out.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Yeah, yeah. I got nothing to do.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah, of course. Yeah.

JAD: All right, cool.

JAD: Jad.

ROBERT KRULWICH: Robert.

JAD: Radiolab.

ROBERT: So, just very briefly, I'm going to tell you the story of three enormous mysteries; two of which you know very well, and one of which I bet you've never heard of, ever.

JAD: Okay.

ROBERT: Mystery number one.

JAD: This is the one I know or the one I don't?

ROBERT: This is the one you know.

JAD: All right.

ROBERT: So about 4 billion years ago, the earth is one huge, mostly ocean of lifeless chemicals. Then for some reason, which we have never really been able to understand, lifeless chemicals suddenly produce a pulse and you get life.

NICK LANE: Hello? Yes, I have just arrived now.

ROBERT: Nick, okay. Wonderful. Like Nick, for example.

NICK LANE: Nick Lane. I'm a professor of evolutionary biochemistry at University College in London.

ROBERT: Nick is the main guy in the story I'm about to tell you, but just to continue this setup, that was mystery number one. Where does life come from? Next, mystery number three, to make it more interesting.

JAD: What about the two? You skipped over two.

ROBERT: Two is going to be the subject of the stories and more important, the middle one is the deep surprise because you've never heard of it. So I thought I would skip over two to remind you how familiar you are with one and three.

JAD: All right, fine. Go to three, and then come back to two. It's fine.

ROBERT: Okay. Three. Consciousness. For some reason, one animal on the planet, and only one that we can notice, seems to spring into this very elaborate sense of self-awareness. We don't know why it happened. We don't know how it happened. It just did.

JAD: Right. I'm familiar with one and three.

ROBERT: You are. Now, here's number two. That's the one that keeps Nick up at night.

NICK LANE: Yeah, because there's a gap, a black hole where everything important in biology happened, and we have very little insight into what it was.

JAD: Black hole and biology. I like that.

ROBERT: So, you want to know what it is? This black hole? Yes, you do. You do. You know you do.

JAD: Okay. Yes.

ROBERT: Okay. Mystery number two. Hey, we're a little bit past one, but way before three. So 4 billion years ago, we got life. It's just floating around. Little specks in the ocean.

NICK LANE: Very simple cells. Probably pretty much like a bacterium as we know them today. This is very small for a start.

ROBERT: If you're looking at the period at the end of a sentence, say, is it about that size or smaller than that?

NICK LANE: Much smaller. Much smaller than that. A couple of thousandths of a millimeter long. So, tiny, tiny things. They all look the same in this size and shape, and they don't seem to be doing anything very interesting.

ROBERT: Well, they were having babies or they were using energy, and they were feeling a lot of things out. But if you look inside one of these little things, not much going on.

NICK LANE: Yes. Basically, it's often described as a bag of chemicals.

JAD: They're not complex.

ROBERT: They're not complex.

JAD: Simple.

ROBERT: Simple as can be. It goes on like this for millions of years, and then tens of millions of years, and then hundreds of millions of years.

NICK LANE: Well, really 2 billion years or so.

ROBERT: 2 billion years.

NICK LANE: If not longer.

ROBERT: You just have tiny, tiny, simple, tiny, simple bopping, bopping, sitting, drifting in the water, bopping, bopping, bopping, bopping, nothing, nothing, nothing, nothing.

JAD: Come on. Get on with it.

ROBERT: No. Look, I'm telling you this for a good reason. You should know there is no rule which says life has to get bigger. We could have stayed infinitely small for 100 billion years. Forever, really.

JAD: Really?

ROBERT: Yes, really. But then Jad, something happened.

JAD: As they say.

ROBERT: About 2 billion years ago. All of a sudden, practically overnight, a new kind of life shows up. A new sound. It's huge.

JAD: How huge?

ROBERT: A lot bigger than what was before.

NICK LANE: These first ones, the actual volume went out around about 10,000 times bigger.

JAD: Whoa.

NICK LANE: Massive increase in size.

ROBERT: It's like we just jumped from specs to battle ships. Inside these things-

NICK LANE: Is massive pieces of complex machinery.

ROBERT: It becomes bigger and bigger and more complex. It ultimately leads to jellyfish, giant redwood trees, beluga whales, beluga caviar, which is baby whales.

JAD: It's not baby whales.

ROBERT: Well, never mind. Cherry trees, turtles, [inaudible 00:06:47] tarantulas, orangutans, elephants, pterodactyls. There's your second mystery. How did life, for such an enormously long time, stay so simple, so dull and so tiny, and then boom, you get these big life forms? What happened? Why did it not happen for such a long time?

JAD: Well, are you going to enlighten me with some attempts at answers?

ROBERT: Yes, but I want to remind you this is a theory we've got here. We're making a hypothesis.

ED YONG: Who knows really exactly what happened? We're never going to find...found footage of that moment, right? We can only imagine, and we can only use the evidence that we've got now.

ROBERT: That is Ed Yong.

ED YONG: I'm a science writer at the Atlantic.

ROBERT: It's the guy who introduced me to Nick, over to Nick's work and this theory. He says, "Here's the important thing to know."

ED YONG: I mean, I think-

ROBERT: During those 2 billion years when nothing much happened, it wasn't that life didn't get complicated. It's that life couldn't get complicated.

ED YONG: There is a barrier. There is an energetic canyon that simple cells find themselves trapped in.

JAD: What?

ROBERT: It means that it's a huge deal to try to get big. Think about what it takes to get bigger. It takes bigger cell walls. It takes more surface, more openings to let things in, push things out, more power, more moving parts, and then to make the whole thing fit and work together. You got to have a bigger design plan. That's your DNA. So, you're going to need more DNA.

ED YONG: All that DNA needs to be copied.

ROBERT: You're going to need some DNA copiers.

ED YONG: You then need to read the information that's encoded within it.

ROBERT: Some DNA readers.

ED YONG: You need to use that information to build proteins.

ROBERT: And some builders.

ED YONG: That last bit is especially costly.

ROBERT: In other words, you don't get bigger for free. Every new step takes extra energy.

ED YONG: Just like if you're going to increase the size of your company by 1,000 times. If you're going to have 1,000 times more employees, you're going to need to pay them all.

ROBERT: Where are you going to get the money? You and I, we might be able to go to a bank. But if you're a teeny, little thing, you don't have any place to go. So, how do you get bigger?

JAD: Can't you just eat more food than you normally eat, so that you get more energy, so that slowly, over time, you get bigger? No?

ROBERT: No. Well, you could do that, but suppose you don't have the stomach to absorb the food.

JAD: You make a stomach somehow? I don't know.

ROBERT: In order to make the stomach, you've got to eat more food to build a stomach. But in order to eat more food, you got to have the stomach. But you can't really have the stomach unless you eat the food, and you can't eat the food unless you have the stomach. You're stuck in a hole, kind of. It's like a Catch 22 kind of a thing. You're stuck in what Ed calls an energetic canyon.

ED YONG: To climb over the walls of that canyon and to start experimenting with complexity, you need something improbable to happen. You need something very special.

ROBERT: So special and so improbable that according to this theory-

ED YONG: Over the course of all of our planet's history, that has only happened successfully once.

JAD: What? What happened?

ROBERT: Well, here's the theory. There's life bopping along in its boring, boring, boring way. Everything is very tiny, very simple. Then one day, two single celled creatures start to drift towards one another.

ED YONG: One of them is an archaeon.

ROBERT: Little blob.

ED YONG: One of them is a bacterium.

ROBERT: Another little blob, but smaller.

ED YONG: They belonged to the two great houses of simple things: The Montagues and Capulets of 2 billion BC.

ROBERT: In any case, these two little cells start to get near each other.

NICK LANE: Lowly. What each cell wants is what the other one has to offer.

ROBERT: Nick imagines that, I don't know, maybe the little one was expelling some kind of chemical.

NICK LANE: Let's say it's something like hydrogen gas, just for the sake of an argument.

ROBERT: Let's say the big one likes hydrogen.

NICK LANE: That's what it wants.

ROBERT: Maybe the big one spits out nitrogen, which is what the little one wants. So they come together.

NICK LANE: They snuggle up.

ROBERT: Totally ordinary thing. "It happens all the time with cells," he said, but in this case-

NICK LANE: That snuggling gets closer and closer until-

ED YONG: Somehow those two cells meet and they merge.

JAD: They just squished together? How did they merge?

NICK LANE: Membranes, fuse, cell walls don't always form.

ROBERT: Maybe the big one had a hole in its wall, and the little one just fell through the hole?

NICK LANE: I don't really know what the mechanism is, but we do know it's possible.

ROBERT: The point is somehow this little guy-

NICK LANE: Gets in.

ED YONG: The bacterium finds itself inside the archaeon.

ROBERT: So, that's the first thing that happens. One little guy gets inside another little guy.

ED YONG: Okay.

ROBERT: I got to tell you this is extremely rare.

NICK LANE: For the most part, cells don't get inside other cells. When they do get inside of the cells, for the most part, it doesn't work out.

ROBERT: Because if you're this little guy on the inside, now you're trapped. You can't get to the things you want to eat.

NICK LANE: It's cut off from the outside world and chances are, it will die.

ROBERT: Which is what happens 99.999% of the time, but not this time.

NICK LANE: If the swallower is capable of bringing in that outside world and spoon feeding it to a swallowee, if you like, then it will work.

ROBERT: "Maybe that's what happened here," says Nick. Maybe the big cell had some kind of mutation that allowed it to keep feeding the little cell in its belly, so the little cell survives and thrives because the second thing that happens here is the little cell on the inside starts to divide.

NICK LANE: So now, you have a cell with two cells inside it and maybe then four cells inside it.

ROBERT: Which if you're a big cell is normally not a great situation.

NICK LANE: You find yourself with guests inside you. Imagine having a house party and the guests won't go away. They're having intercourse among themselves, if you like, and producing more guests. There's going to be a riot. There's going to be a murder or something.

ROBERT: "The point is," says Nick, "when you get to this point, it really shouldn't work, but somehow it did." Not only did one cell get in another, which is rare; and then that cell survived, even rarer; and then divided without creating a riot, even rarer. But then somehow this big cell finds ways over and over of taking care of all the little new house guests.

NICK LANE: There are all stages of their life cycle. You've got some old folk in there and you've got some babies in there. How are you going to do it? Well, you probably need to...let's put it in a maternity ward, first of all, to look after the babies. Let's put in some clinic for end of life, for the geriatrics.

ROBERT: Somehow, this big cell is able to construct all this new machinery inside itself to keep this extraordinarily various group of house guests happy.

JAD: Wait! Why would it bother? What does the cell get in return? You said that it didn't have enough energy to build itself bigger. So, how is it even doing this?

ROBERT: Well, now, you're getting to the real nub of the story. "The key here," says Nick, "is those little house guests that are living now in the big cell?"

JAD: Yeah?

ROBERT: "They're not ordinary house guests. They are a very specific kind of bacteria that we now call"-

NICK LANE: Mitochondria.

ROBERT: If you look at the descendants of those little guys who live in us right now-

NICK LANE: They have an amazingly strong electrical charge.

ROBERT: That radiates across the membrane on their outside.

NICK LANE: That electrical charge is tiny. It's 150 millivolts. But if you shrink yourself down to the size of a molecule and feel the strength of the electric field right next to that membrane, it's actually 30 million volts per meter, which is equivalent to a bolt of lightning.

JAD: Whoa.

ROBERT: This is what the big cell gets back. This is its returned gift. Lightning. It's this new electricity that gets it...it helps it fund all these new adventures and construction projects.

NICK LANE: Now, they can support enormously larger genome. So you can have bacteria may have one or two copies of a gene-

ROBERT: You can now have 10 more genes or 20 or 30 or maybe 50.

NICK LANE: There's no penalty for doing so. What that gives you is a kind of a redundancy that allows different genes to do slightly different jobs or to diverge. You've got the scope to experiment, to try things out. So, you have one group going off to become algae and plants and another group becoming animals and another group becoming the fungi and so on. The descendants did so well. They've taken over the world.

JAD: They all came from that one single coming together? That one union?

ED YONG: Yes. It comes down to one merger between two cells that made one cell, and then everything comes from that. You, me, the redwood tree or the hummingbird or fungus, a piece of algae growing in a pond, every type form of life that we can see with our naked eyes, and many that we can't, come from that single cell.

ROBERT: "What this spawns," says Nick, "is this is how we get the great tree of life that we see all around us. After eons and eons of sameness, suddenly we get this many splendored thing that is nature. It starts right here. What we're looking at is truly the second Genesis.

JAD: Okay, hold on a second. Hold on. Hold on. How do we know any of this actually happened? That all of the life that we can see comes from one cell? How would we possibly know that?

ROBERT: Well, starting with us-

NICK LANE: That through the same ones in archae-

ROBERT: ...if you go in and look at the genetic material inside our cells-

NICK LANE: About half of our genes, a little bit less than half, we find them in bacteria or archae.

ROBERT: Nick says you can see very clearly that the original DNA of those two cells, those two cells that merged into one, they're inside us.

NICK LANE: So, their sequence and their structure has remained almost intact for 2 billion years.

ED YONG: Just the structure of your cells alone provides an important clue. If you look at the cells of all of those things, if I take one of your cells, and one cell from that fungus or from the spruce or from the whale, unless you were an expert, unless you've been trained in this stuff, it would be very hard to tell the difference between those.

ROBERT: In other words, all of our cells, and this is across animals, plants, fungi. They all look something like those original cells.

ED YONG: Very, very similar. They will have that nucleus, that internal skeleton. They would have mitochondria.

ROBERT: Those are the lightning bolts, the descendants of that first little guy that got swallowed.

NICK LANE: We have 40 trillion cells, and each of those has got, let's say, on average, 1,000 mitochondria. So, that's a tremendous number of mitochondria in one human being. The giant redwood tree has a lot more than that, and so does the worm. So, from that point of view, just biomass, we are about 40% mitochondria. So just from biomass, they are possibly the single, most prolific life form that ever existed.

JAD: Okay. You got me. I do like this idea of trillions of little lightning bolts in your belly.

SOREN WHEELER: It's a little bit like-

JAD: It's our producer, Soren Wheeler, who chimed in as we were working on this.

SOREN: Remember our guy, what was his name, from the floppy ears? The smart-

JAD: Richard Wrangham? Is that...?

SOREN: Richard Wrangham. Yeah.

[ARCHIVE CLIP, Richard Wrangham: Life consists of finding energy.]

JAD: That's him.

SOREN: He had that thing about...he wrote a book a long time ago, but it was all about...I actually talked to him at the time. Human ancestors are going along doing their thing, and they're eating raw leaves in the forest, same way that chimps do now, but then once they learned to cook-

[ARCHIVE CLIP, Richard Wrangham: Once you start cooking, there's a terrific advantage.]

SOREN: Cooking would break things down, and then you don't have to break things down inside you, which means that you're putting less energy into your food, but getting more out of it.

[ARCHIVE CLIP, Richard Wrangham: Maybe it increases the amount of energy that you can get from your food by 25, 30, 40, 50% maybe more.]

SOREN: His theory is that, that is when we got smart because we were in, again, an energy canyon where there was just given what was around you and how much work it took to break it down to the parts you need. You couldn't do much until you light a fire underneath it like a lightning bolt, and you break it down, so that you don't have to do that work because now the fire is doing that work, then you put it in your tummy and you get all the goods with half the work, and now you have time and energy to make a brain that can think about itself.

[ARCHIVE CLIP, Richard Wrangham: That is when the genus homo humans in the first full flowering of the sense of that word emerged.]

JAD: Wow, that's interesting. So the energy canyon leaping theory might actually touch on mystery number three, too. The consciousness one.

ROBERT: Yeah. Don't you think that cooking is an act that's intentional? When you decide to light the fire and cook the meat, then you're doing something that you intend to do. What really gets to me is when you go back to the original pairing. That was just pure accident. That so much would flow from something completely cosmically accidental. That's what would really, really freaks me out actually.

ED YONG: That merger and the harmonious continuance of that merger was so breathtakingly improbable that only once did it take.

ROBERT: Nick says it only happened once 2 billion years ago, and there's no evidence to suggest that it has happened since.

NICK LANE: So there is no trajectory towards necessary complex life. The universe is not pregnant with the idea of us. There's nothing about the way that evolution has worked on earth to suggest that complex life is an inevitable outcome.

ROBERT: If this hadn't happened, would the earth just be still rich with little, I don't know, life forms that are smaller than a grain of rice? That's all we'd ever get?

ED YONG: I think that's the idea.

ROBERT: Does that mean that you have to have this incident on Planet Zantar and Planet Zantar 36 and Planet Zantar-

ED YONG: Right. So that's really interesting. So I think when we think about the prospect of finding alien life, we think the universe is so vast that we cannot be alone, that there must be life on other worlds. But I think what this tells us is that we will probably find life elsewhere, but it will probably be microbial. The odds of finding something like the aliens that you would expect, right. So the odds of finding your [inaudible 00:22:08] are significantly reduced. The odds of finding a bacterium somewhere are probably reasonable. You might find life, but maybe it's going to be boring.

ROBERT: We could leave it right there.

ED YONG: But you probably won't get killed by them either. So, that's a good thing.

ROBERT: That's true. That's true.

ED YONG: Yep.

ROBERT: Nick Lane's book on this theory is called The Vital Question. Special thanks to Eric Steinberg for his work on this podcast; and to Richard Wrangham whose book is Catching Fire; Ed Yong, whose forthcoming book is I Contain Multitudes. You can find all these references on our website.

JAD: Radiolab.org. Speaking of mates-

ROBERT: Yes. We call this podcast-

JAD: Cellmates.

ROBERT: ...Cellmates.

JAD: Yeah. As promised, I want to introduce you to two comedy mates after the break. I'm Jad Abumrad.

ROBERT: I'm Robert Krulwich.

JAD: Stick around.

[LISTENER: Hi, this is Shereen from Sunrise, Florida. Radiolab is supported in part by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, enhancing public understanding of science and technology in the modern world. More information about Sloan at www.sloan.org.]

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Just a heads up, I speak in abbrevs a lot. So I'll just say things like totes and early [twans 00:25:58] and you just have to roll with it.

JAD: I'll just go with it. I'll nod like I know what you're saying.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Okay, great.

JAD: Jad here. As promised, at the top of the show, I want to introduce you to a new project that comes from two very funny people.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: My name is Phoebe Robinson, and I am Michael Fassbender's future baby mama.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: My name is Jessica Williams, and I plan to be the maid of honor in Phoebe and Michael Fassbender's wedding.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Oh, yay!

JESSICA WILLIAMS: You're okay with it?

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: I've literally just put myself in your fake wedding.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: No. Obviously, you're in the wedding.

JAD: So, Jessica Williams and Phoebe Robinson are two people, who were obsessed with Michael Fassbender.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: I don't even think he's that hot.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: No, that's so controversial.

JAD: They are both comedians and writers. Phoebe has worked for MTV and Comedy Central. Jessica Williams, you might know from The Daily Show, where she's a correspondent. The two of them have teamed up to make a podcast called...It's debuting today. It's called Two Dope Queens. My bet is that if you like Radiolab, you will also like this podcast. All right. Can I be old and white for a second?

JESSICA WILLIAMS: There's nothing else for you to be.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah.

JAD: True. True. So, dope. People still use the word dope.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Yeah, I think so. But even if they don't, all it takes is two black people to make something cool. That's the rule. If we came and we walked down the street tomorrow, and we had our shoes on the wrong foot, as long as it's two black people doing it-

PHOEBE ROBINSON: I mean, hello. Crisscross. When they did the jeans, it was just two of them.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: It was their phenoms.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah. There was-

JAD: How did you guys meet?

PHOEBE ROBINSON: We met almost two years ago. I was doing a background on a black hair in the military piece that she was doing for The Daily Show.

JAD: The story is Jessica was doing the segment. Phoebe was part of the segment. One thing leads to another. Phoebe invites Jessica to cohost this comedy thing she was doing, like a live thing. She says the moment they got up there on stage-

JESSICA WILLIAMS: We murdered the stage.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah. Homicide. First degree murder.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Law & Order, baby.

JAD: This is all good things, right?

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yes, yes, yes, yes.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Yes, all the best.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: On stage, I was like, "This feels really good." She's like, "Yeah." I was like, "We should do this more often." So, we're like when we start dating, like, "Oh, yeah, we'll go to a movie" or like, "Yeah, we'll go to the MET." We'll just keep seeing how things go at the end of the day. Then after a while, it morphed into something that is our baby.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: We made a baby.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah, we made a baby.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: My favorite white lady customer service thing is never in my life.

JAD: 2 Dope Queens is a live comedy show that happens at Union Hall here in Brooklyn. Generally, what happens is Phoebe and Jessica, they get up on stage and they just riff for a few minutes.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: I think if you're in the audience, we really want it to feel like you're hanging out with us.

JAD: So, they get up there. They go back and forth for a while.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Then, we have some of our favorite friends who are standups come and do sets in between us talking and hanging out.

[ARCHIVE CLIP, Gary Gulman: I wanted to share this thing that my girlfriend and I have been doing.]

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Like this comedian that Phoebe and I both love named Gary Gulman.

[ARCHIVE CLIP, Gary Gulman: We role play. The other night, we were playing secretary of Housing and Urban Development. But here's the twist. She was secretary of Housing and Urban Development. I was deputy secretary of Housing and Urban Development. So, there was that status thing. She was my boss, and I didn't feel she was pushing her agenda hard enough. I was like, "Did we come to Washington to make friends?" We came to make changes.]

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Then we have people like Michelle Buteau-

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Amazing.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: ...who's really funny. She does stuff for Comedy Central and a lot of places.

JAD: So, here's a clip of comedian Michelle Buteau telling the story about how she met this guy.

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Michelle Buteau: I was like, "Oh my God, this is the one. We're going to move in together. We're going to live by the mall." He came to visit me in New York one time. Both the cell phones were on the bed, and they were exactly alike, and it rang and I picked it up. This girl was on the other end. She goes, "Is Eric there?" I go, "Who it is?" She go, "Who it is?" I go, "Who this?" This went on for a really long time because we knew who the fuck this was.]

JAD: Okay. So, the next clip, the Naomi clip.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Yes.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yes.

JAD: Who is Naomi?

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Who is Naomi Ekperigin? She's a younger woman, but she is practically an old lady. All she wants to do is, she says, in her standup, is sit at home with a blanket and play with her cats.

[ARCHIVE CLIP, Naomi Ekperigin: As you can imagine, I love to watch procedurals. I love it, okay? Criminal Minds is my number one. I do like classic Law & Order, but I do prefer Special Victim. Yes. I just love it. I love it. I love it. It's amazing how every episode involves a white woman in peril. It's like a white woman's in peril. That's how we get people to care. It's just nonsense. If there's one thing that I feel like we should be taking away, it's white ladies, okay, Megans, Sarahs, Beckys. You guys have got to stop with the jogging at dawn and dusk. You got to stop. You got to stop. Honeys, I hate to go Jesse Jackson, but if the light is low, you should not go. Are you following me? Are you following me? If you're jogging at those hours, you got two options. Okay. You're either going to find a dead body or become a dead body. Stop it with the jogging.]

JESSICA WILLIAMS: We always like to have women represented doing standup or storytelling on our show. We make sure that, that's in every episode and people of different orientations-

PHOEBE ROBINSON: People of color.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: ...people of color. It's really, really fun. I hope that if you come to see the show or even if you start listening to our podcast, that you'll see that we really love doing it.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: We just want a hilarious show. That's it.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: Yep. I think we really do deliver on that.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Yeah.

JAD: Phoebe Robinson and Jessica Williams from the brand-new WNYC Studios podcast 2 Dope Queens. Definitely check it out. Go to iTunes or wherever you get your podcasts from and check them out. 2 Dope Queens. Thank you, guys.

JESSICA WILLIAMS: All right. Thank you.

PHOEBE ROBINSON: Thank you.

JAD: I'm Jad Abumrad. Thanks for listening.

ED YONG: Hi. It's Ed Yong.

NICK LANE: Hi, this is Nick Lane. Radiolab is produced by Jad Abumrad.

ED YONG: Dylan Keefe is director of sound design. Soren Wheeler is-

NICK LANE: ...senior editor. Jamie York is our senior producer.

ED YONG: Our staff includes Simon Adler, Brenna Farrell-

NICK LANE: ...David Gebel, Matt Kielty-

ED YONG: ...Robert Krulwich-

NICK LANE: ...Andy Mills, Latif Nasser-

ED YONG: ...Melissa O'Donnell, Kelsey Padgett, Arianne Wack-

NICK LANE: ...and Molly Webster, with help from Alexander Lee Hunt-

ED YONG: ...Alexandra Lee Young, Tracy Hump-

NICK LANE: ...Stephanie Tam and Michael Lowinger. Our fact checkers are Eber Dasher and Michelle Harris. Thank you.

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