LATIF NASSER: Hey, Latif Nasser here. So one of the things I've always loved about being at Radiolab is that we take a kind of obsessive pleasure in trying to get you closer than you've ever been to things that are ...

[ARCHIVE CLIP: An asteroid.]

LATIF: ... unimaginably big.

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Put it at 120 feet across, 220 million pounds.]

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Oh, my gosh!]

LATIF: Or microscopically small.

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Into the tiny bits of the nucleus of the atom.]

LATIF: Or far away.

[ARCHIVE CLIP: There's a place at the edge of our solar system. Right at the edge. The edge of the edge.]

LATIF: Or right there in front of us, but hidden from view.

[ARCHIVE CLIP: A sort of organ inside the human body that scientists had completely missed.]

LATIF: And we go to absurd lengths ...

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Oh!]

LATIF: ... to make things so fantastically distant from our everyday lives feel real.

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Oh! I saw one!]

LATIF: We built a cloud chamber in our studio. Made a 500-person choir sing the spectrum of color a mantis shrimp sees. One of the very first Radiolabs I ever heard made me actually feel like I touched a star.

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Oh, my God. They're so bright! That's really cool. [laughs]]

LATIF: Sometimes getting close is about getting ...

[ARCHIVE CLIP: In the mind of the beginner, there are many possibilities. In the mind of the expert, there are few.]

LATIF: ... emotionally close.

[ARCHIVE CLIP: I get choked up.]

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Why does that choke you up?]

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Because it's so profound.]

LATIF: We always try to get the person at the heart of the story to be the one to tell it.

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Like, what if she died? Like, what would happen? Like, would we have a funeral?]

LATIF: In their own voice.

[ARCHIVE CLIP: Did she know I was there? And if she didn't know I was there, did she wonder where I had gone? Did she feel alone? And is she scared?]

LATIF: We hope those efforts have given you something—a laugh on a hard day, a factoid to drop at a party, a moment that made you feel less alone, even just something to wonder about when you're lying in bed in the middle of the night. And now here's where I ask you, any of you who are willing and able, to give us something back. We need your support to keep building cloud chambers and visiting quasi moons and creating elaborate soundscapes so we can feel and see and taste and touch the abstract. The best way to do that is to join The Lab, Radiolab's membership program. Listener support is a crucial part of how we get to make the show. And when you join in, it also gets you fun stuff: exclusive merch, bonus content, ad-free listening, and right now, a beautiful Radiolab poster. Go to Radiolab.org/join to become a member or check out the poster.

LATIF: Also, even if you don't give, next week in this feed will be a short little holiday gift for you where—I mean, I can't even believe I got to do this interview—we will hear from a person in charge of a space mission that if you asked me last week, I would have said was impossible. Like, you couldn't even write this into a movie. No one would believe you. But it actually is happening, and you're gonna hear about it here next week. As for right now, while we're making that little extra bit of radio for you, I want to offer you this story we did back in 2012, which takes you to a place that fewer than 300 people have ever been, with a view of the universe that is to say the least, striking. Here is "Dark Side of the Earth."

[RADIOLAB INTRO]

JAD ABUMRAD: Hey, I'm Jad Abumrad.

ROBERT KRULWICH: I'm Robert Krulwich.

JAD: This is Radiolab.

ROBERT: The podcast.

JAD: And we've just finished our In the Dark tour, which is the thing we've been, you know, yammering on about for the last year. And we wanted to play for you in this podcast, one of our favorite stories from that show.

ROBERT: Now this was designed for the eye as well as the ear, this particular performance. So you will not see the Pilobolus Dance Theater, which means you will not see—oh, my!

JAD: Pretty amazing stuff happening on that stage.

ROBERT: Yeah. Strangely beautiful shadow plays on a huge white canvas on a gigantic stage.

JAD: You could go to the website and you can see pictures at Radiolab.org.

ROBERT: Yeah, these guys are really ...

JAD: They're magicians. They really are. We should also note that this story was scored live by the amazing Thao Nguyen with Jason Slota on the drums, Jamie Riota on the bass, and it was recorded masterfully at UCLA's Royce Hall by Reverend John Delore.

ROBERT: So here it is.

JAD: So for our final segment, we were thinking through this show, we thought, you know, who would have a really interesting perspective on darkness?

ROBERT: Maybe somebody who works in a rich, dark environment. Astronauts, for example.

JAD: Yeah. So we called up NASA, talked to an astronaut. We connected our little studio in New York to their studio in DC to talk to an astronaut, but he was a little late. And here's the funny thing: when you are on hold with NASA, this is literally what you hear.

[epic classical music]

[laughter]

JAD: This has a blast off feel to it.

ROBERT: Yeah, it does.

JAD: This is amazing.

ROBERT: This, by the way, is literally the case. You dial 1800-NASA or whatever, and this is, like, go to the moon music.

JAD: Uh oh. Hello? I hear someone breathing. Can you hear me?

DAVE WOLF: It's probably—I'm breathing.

ROBERT: [laughs] That's an interesting way to meet.

JAD: So this is our guy. Dave Wolf is his name. He's a NASA astronaut.

DAVE WOLF: Have been since 1990, over 20 years.

JAD: He wasn't really sure why we had called him.

DAVE WOLF: What's our topic here?

JAD: So we explained to him that, you know, we're doing this show called In the Dark. We're gonna do it on stage in front of some very nice folks. Do you have any stories that relate? And right off the bat, he says ...

DAVE WOLF: You've triggered an interesting darkness story I have.

ROBERT: Well, that's why we're calling you up.

JAD: Yeah.

DAVE WOLF: Okay, you're taping and you're ready?

ROBERT: Yep.

DAVE WOLF: Darkness is an interesting theme in space, because there's nowhere where the contrast between light and dark is any more extreme.

JAD: Dave has done dozens of spacewalks, and he says that there have been times when he's just sort of out there floating in space next to the craft, and maybe the ship tilts a little bit and the wing blocks light that's coming from the sun or the moon, and it creates a shadow. And he says the darkness of that shadow ...

DAVE WOLF: Is blacker than any black you thought it could be. Out there in space, the shadow has no light in it. There's not reflected light from dust in the air, the Earth around you or clouds.

JAD: It's just pure, absolute dark.

DAVE WOLF: And you can reach into a shadow so deep, so black, that your arm can appear to disappear.

ROBERT: Wow!

DAVE WOLF: Right in front of your face. Your head is in the bright light, and your arm is in this depth of darkness.

JAD: And it's just gone like it's been cut off?

DAVE WOLF: Yeah.

JAD: Wow!

DAVE WOLF: But I do want to tell you an experience I had in my first space walk. Late '97 I had this experience.

JAD: Okay.

DAVE WOLF: It was from a Russian spacecraft. You might remember the Mir ...

JAD: Yeah, sure.

DAVE WOLF: ... spacecraft.

JAD: So Dave was up there. He was with two Russian cosmonauts, and he and Anatoly Solovyev, they were suited up and getting ready to make their first walk into space—or his first walk.

DAVE WOLF: And we did all the preparations to get the suits ready. And we're in the airlock, and ...

JAD: The door opened, and they floated out.

DAVE WOLF: We clipped our tethers on outside.

JAD: And he and Anatoly gently float to the work site.

DAVE WOLF: And it was dark out. And dark up in space means you're on the night side of the Earth, in the shadow of the Earth. And there were no external lights on this spacecraft. This was really, really dark. And we were over the ocean. And at night, that basically means you don't see the Earth.

JAD: You don't see it at all?

DAVE WOLF: Not at all. When it's a moonless night, you don't see the Earth. In fact, all it might look like to you is the absence of stars.

JAD: I want you to imagine this with me. He's up there in this darkness, and the Earth, with all of us on it, is somewhere far, far below him, but he can't see it. And all the while—and this is really important for what happens next—he is shooting through space. He's rocketing across the dark shadow of the Earth at five miles a second. That is 16 times the speed that we're all moving right now because we are on the Earth. But he says at that moment he didn't feel any of that. It just felt like he was suspended in this cocoon of black.

DAVE WOLF: Floating gently.

JAD: And he thought, "All right!"

DAVE WOLF: No problem.

JAD: "This is kind of peaceful."

DAVE WOLF: Because it was just me and the spacecraft and blackness. And suddenly this blazing light.

JAD: Blasts him from below.

ROBERT: What was it?

JAD: It was the sunrise. You know, because he and the ship were moving so quickly that the sunrise, which normally happens here on Earth very, very slowly, calmly, at that speed up there, the sun comes screaming from the eastern edge of the Earth, straight across the Earth, lights up everything in seconds.

DAVE WOLF: And the Earth lights up below me. Suddenly I can look down 200 miles and see that we're moving at five miles per second.

JAD: Oceans whoosh, clouds whoosh, deserts whoosh. And he was like, "Ahh!"

DAVE WOLF: And I clutched onto these handrails like there's no tomorrow, white knuckled in my spacesuit gloves, because I suddenly had this enormous sense of height and speed.

JAD: He says it was sort of like if you're standing comfortably on the ground, and then someone just flips on the lights suddenly, and you realize actually, I'm not on the ground. I am on a 400,000-foot ladder.

[laughter]

JAD: Crazier still, in that sunrise moment ...

DAVE WOLF: The temperature also increases by upwards of 400 degrees.

ROBERT: In the moment?

DAVE WOLF: In the moment.

ROBERT: Really!

JAD: This is the most extreme thing I've ever heard!

ROBERT: Are you air conditioned or whatever? Are you ...

DAVE WOLF: You are. We are totally dependent on that spacesuit. But the colors, what you're seeing on that Earth is so spectacular—the greens and blues and the delicate, pastel-like colors, the contrast and the brights are just—aren't present in anything I've ever seen other than up in space.

JAD: Dave and his Russian buddy Anatoly, they're out there for hours doing repairs on the ship. So they are—because of their speed, they're going in and out and in and out of these days and nights.

DAVE WOLF: So it's 90 minutes of a light-dark cycle. So you have 16 nights and 16 days for every Earth day.

JAD: Which means as they're working, this change is happening over and over and over. Every 45 minutes, they go from blazing light to quiet dark, blazing light to darkness.

DAVE WOLF: You can get lost. You get stories of people doing spacewalks that lose their orientation or feel like they're falling.

JAD: And so he says the only thing to do in that circumstance is just to focus on your job. Look straight ahead. Only at the screw. Only at the screw.

DAVE WOLF: Don't look down. It's kind of—it's real in this business.

[laughter]

JAD: So we would have been perfectly happy to end the story right here, because Dave and Anatoly finished their repairs. Job well done. They get ready to come back into the spacecraft. But we cannot not tell you what happens next.

ROBERT: Yeah. Because this flirts with a very different kind of darkness.

JAD: Yeah.

LATIF: And that darkness we will get to right after this break.

LATIF: This year at Radiolab and Terrestrials, we've done a lot of looking up. We named a quasi-moon. We're working on naming another that you can go vote on now. We pondered what would happen if our moon disappeared entirely. But as the year ends, we're shifting our gaze to the future. We're looking forward to next year and all the incredible stories we have cooking for you. And I know we've said it before, but it truly is only possible to make these stories with your financial support.

LATIF: So if you've considered joining our membership program, The Lab, now is the time because if you join in the next month, you'll get a stunning poster by artist Tara Anand. By joining, you'll get members-only content throughout the year, and you'll be a part of what makes all of this run.

LATIF: If you're feeling extra generous, we have a new super-duper premium tier of The Lab called Whale Sharks. If you become a whale shark, we'll thank you by reading your name in the episode credits later this year. Also makes for a good holiday gift. Go to Radiolab.org/join to check out the poster and sign up for The Lab. That's Radiolab.org/join. And thanks!

LATIF: Hey. Latif. Radiolab. Picking back up with our story about astronauts Dave Wolf and Anatoly Solovyev.

JAD: So the two of them pull themselves by their tethers to come back into the airlock to go back in.

DAVE WOLF: But when it was time to come back in ...

JAD: They couldn't get back in!

ROBERT: You were locked out of your spaceship?

DAVE WOLF: You could call it locked out. We were trapped outside. Yes.

JAD: Essentially their airlock was busted. They couldn't repressurize it. And if you can't get it at the right pressure, you can't re-enter.

JAD: Oh no!

DAVE WOLF: And we worked on it for four or five hours, and ran out our resources and we ...

JAD: Wait a second. Ran out of oxygen, or what?

DAVE WOLF: You have plenty of oxygen, it turns out. What you run out of first is your carbon dioxide scrubbing unit that takes the CO2 out of your suit. And now the problem with this one is usually in a space accident, you figure it'll only hurt for a moment. But when you die of CO2 intoxication, that drags out. That's not—that's a miserable way to go.

ROBERT: What does he mean? Did you ever find out?

JAD: I looked it up. What happens is first you get a headache and then your muscles start to twitch. Eventually, your heartbeat starts to accelerate faster, faster, faster. You go into convulsions and then you die.

DAVE WOLF: Luckily, the life support system has an extra cartridge. That gave us an extra six or so hours. We used all that, and—trying to fix the hatch and we couldn't get it to hold air. And we were done.

JAD: Did you know you were done? I mean, you were ...

DAVE WOLF: Yeah. Yeah, pretty much.

[laughter]

ROBERT: And you mean done like in over?

DAVE WOLF: Yeah, yeah. No more ideas.

[laughter]

JAD: Done like in dead. So they decide, "Okay, we gotta do something. Last ditch maneuver. If we can't get our usual airlock to work, maybe we can make a new one." Because see, on the Mir space station, it's this big cylinder with these rectangular modules that jut out. And one of those modules is the airlock. But there are these adjacent ones which are normally just living quarters. They thought, "Well, if we can't get our usual airlock to pressurize at the right pressure, maybe we can go to the next one over and try and pressurize it."

DAVE WOLF: Essentially treating that next module in as a airlock. And we opened the hatch into that next module. And in order, though, to go into it, we had to disconnect our umbilicals, because you can't close the hatch over your umbilical, right?

ROBERT: Right.

DAVE WOLF: And the umbilical was providing our cooling to our suits. So as soon as we disconnected, well, that gives you maybe five-eight minutes at max.

JAD: Before you—before you what?

DAVE WOLF: I don't even want to talk about it. It's so bad.

[laughter]

ROBERT: Did you look that up?

JAD: Yeah, I looked this one up, too. Essentially, what happens is you boil inside your spacesuit.

DAVE WOLF: In a very ugly way.

JAD: So Dave and Anatoly think, "Okay, we've got to get through this tiny hatch into this room." And they've gotta do it fast. But they also know ...

DAVE WOLF: If you struggle hard and go too fast, you won't get much time at all in that suit before that heat builds up on you.

JAD: So he thinks, "Okay, hurry, hurry. But slowly. Slowly."

DAVE WOLF: What I did not anticipate was as soon as we disconnected our umbilicals that the visor would fog up, and you'd now be having to feel your way.

ROBERT: So you're blind?

DAVE WOLF: Yeah. You could spit and kind of get a little area through the fog. So I'm in the airlock, trying to make my way into the next section. And I was crawling along the wall, moving into the next section, and I spit on my visor, you know, to make a little hole to look through and get a hint. And it was an area I had been sleeping in some weeks before. And I had left a picture of my family taped with scotch tape on the wall. And I spit on the visor, and my helmet light went there. And there was this picture of my family right here in this moment as I was scooting across the wall in what was likely my last minutes. So this is how it's going to end. So this is it. And look, it's so strange. There they are. And I look back at that and I shudder.

JAD: Now of course, Dave and his partner made it back into the space station—barely.

DAVE WOLF: But it didn't strike me, really, until months later on the Earth how close that had been, and what a strange situation for us.

ROBERT: This Russian guy must be your best friend. Like, he must be—you call each other and say—20 years later, you go, "Whew!"

DAVE WOLF: Well, not many people have been through anything like that together and are there to talk about it. And you just reminded me of something.

JAD: So we're gonna leave you with one last story from Dave. He was kind of a story machine. This is from that same stay in space, involves the same friend, Anatoly. They were out there doing some work on the ship, you know, floating in space again. And then Mission Control radios and tells them to pause for a while.

DAVE WOLF: We had a period where we had to wait through the night to go on with our work. So he said, "Look, David—" all in Russian, of course. "I wanted to show you something." And we hooked our tethers on, pushed ourselves about six feet away. We had about six feet of tether, so that our eyes couldn't see anything but out in space. And I turned my air conditioner down a little, you know, so it was kind of warm. And I was floating in this spacesuit, just looking out into the blackness of space. And I felt like I didn't have a spacesuit on. It was so comfortable. The air temperature was just right. I felt like I was just out in the universe, in the stars. I couldn't see anything but stars all around me. I couldn't feel anything outside a spacecraft going five miles per second out in the universe.

JAD: Was that what he wanted to show you?

DAVE WOLF: Yeah, I think so.

ROBERT: This is his rocking chair on the front porch thing.

DAVE WOLF: Or a hammock, almost. He didn't want to talk. He said, "Let's just be quiet. Turn your helmet light off so you don't get any reflected light. Just relax. Rasslablyat. Relax. Relax. Relax. Relax. Relax."

ROBERT: Now had you been there in the theater, this is the moment where we gave everybody a little pinpoint of light, a little hand-carried star that they could put over their heads and wave together.

JAD: Like 2,000 tiny little lights from the seats like a canopy of stars. We saw this happen again and again, like, 18 times I think we performed this? And every time it was just like breathtaking.

ROBERT: Yeah.

JAD: This whole show came together thanks to so many people on stage and off, and we want to make a couple of thank yous before we go.

ROBERT: Very, very special thanks to Meg Boles, who found our astronaut.

JAD: She found Dave Wolf.

ROBERT: Yes. Also to Pilobolus, the dance company, and to the Pilabola.

JAD: Yes. Starting with Itamar Kubovi.

ROBERT: Lily Binns.

JAD: Matt Kent.

ROBERT: Renée Jaworski.

JAD: Greg Laffey.

ROBERT: Yes.

JAD: And the dancers.

ROBERT: Chris Whitney.

JAD: Heather Favretto.

ROBERT: Anthony Oliva.

JAD: Christina Conger.

ROBERT: Evan Adler.

JAD: Annika Sheaf.

ROBERT: And the Olvera twins, Edwin and ...

JAD: Roberto. We love you guys.

ROBERT: Yeah.

JAD: Demetri Martin, thank you so much for coming and, you know, creating this show with us. Thao Nguyen and Jason Slota, thank you so much to them. And Mike Faba.

ROBERT: Jake Fine.

JAD: Serena Wong.

ROBERT: John Delore.

JAD: Melissa Lacasse.

ROBERT: Dave Foley.

JAD: Nick Nusiforo.

ROBERT: Caitlin Fitzwater.

JAD: Rebecca Lehrer.

ROBERT: And Rosalind Luttin.

JAD: Lutes!

ROBERT: Lutes. Most of all. Most, most of all to Ellen Horne, who loved doing this, and made it so fun to do.

[LISTENER: Hey, I'm Lemmon and I'm from Richmond, Indiana. And here are the staff credits. Radiolab was created by Jad Abumrad and is edited by Soren Wheeler. Lulu Miller and Latif Nasser are our co-hosts. Dylan Keefe is our director of sound design. Our staff includes: Simon Adler, Jeremy Bloom, Becca Bressler, W. Harry Fortuna, David Gebel, Maria Paz Gutiérrez, Sindhu Gnanasambandan, Matt Kielty, Rebecca Laks, Annie McEwen, Alex Neason, Sarah Qari, Sarah Sandbach, Anisa Vietze, Arianne Wack, Pat Walters and Molly Webster. Our fact checkers are Diane Kelly, Emily Krieger and Natalie Middleton.]

[LISTENER: Hi, My name's Teresa. I'm calling from Colchester in Essex, UK. Leadership support for Radiolab's science programming is provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation initiative, and the John Templeton Foundation. Foundational support for Radiolab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.]

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